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The World Database on Protected Areas ((WDPA) ) is the largest assembly of data on the world's terrestrial and marine protected areas, containing more than 161,000 protected areas as of October 2010, with records covering 236 countries and territories throughout the world.〔(Failure of the CBD 2010 targets: ConservationBytes.com )〕 The WDPA is a joint venture between the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre ((UNEP-WCMC )) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature ((IUCN )) World Commission on Protected Areas ((WCPA )). Data for the WDPA is collected from international convention secretariats, governments and collaborating NGOs, but the role of custodian is allocated to the Protected Areas Programme of UNEP-WCMC, based in Cambridge, UK, who have hosted the database since its creation in 1981. The WDPA delivers invaluable information to decision-makers around the world, particularly in terms of measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.〔Chape, S., Harrison, J., Spalding, M. and Lysenko, I. "Measuring the Extent and Effectiveness of Protected Areas as an Indicator for Meeting Global Biodiversity Targets", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' Vol.360 (2005) pp.443–455〕 In October 2010, UNEP-WCMC launched the social media-based website Protected Planet, which allows users to interact with and improve the data that is currently recorded on the World Database on Protected Areas.〔(United Nations Environment Programme Press Release: "Nagoya 2010: ProtectedPlanet.net takes you to 150,000 spectacular nature sites" Published 19 October 2010 )〕 == Content == The WDPA uses the IUCN's definition of a protected area as the main criteria for entries to be included in the database. The database contains comprehensive information on the different types of protected areas ranging from those strictly protected for conservation purposes to those where sustainable use of natural resources is allowed; and includes government, co-managed, private and community managed areas. The IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas gives international guidance on the categorisation of protected areas, through its Protected Area Management Categories. These categories are recognised worldwide and facilitate a global system for defining and recording protected areas.〔(IUCN-WCPA Categories System for Protected Areas Task Force (IUCN: Gland, 2008) )〕 Within the WPDA the IUCN Management Category of a protected area is listed (if one has been assigned/reported) as part of the information on a protected area.〔(Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system, ''Biological Conservation'', 142: 2166–2174 (2009) )〕 Data held in the WDPA is made up of both 'attribute' and 'spatial' information. Attribute data refers to the characteristics of a protected area, such as its name, reported area and designation type. Spatial data is provided in the form of Geographical Information System (GIS) electronic maps, often referred to as shapefiles. These files provide information on the location (latitude & longitude) and spatial extent of a protected area, either as a midpoint location or a polygon that shows the boundaries of a protected area, which gives the indication of its size and shape. This is the form that the data takes on Protected Planet through which the data on WDPA is available for public use worldwide.〔 (WDPA Annual Release )〕 The WDPA Development Team at (UNEP-WCMC ) has a formal agreement with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to integrate their network species occurrence data with the shapefiles of protected areas on the WDPA, which assists governmental, non-governmental and private organisations to visualise the density of species within a protected area.〔(GBIF Species Occurrence Data Integrated with the IUCN WDPA )〕 Protected areas within the WDPA are assigned as having a national or international designation. Many protected areas fall into the category of being nationally designated, where they are designated within a country's national territory (including their maritime Economic Exclusive Zone) using the appropriate legislation or agreements. Internationally designated sites are primarily those of significant environmental, cultural or natural value that should be protected irrespective of the territory on which they are located. These areas are often recognized, preserved and protected under an international treaty or convention. In some cases an internationally recognized site may be nationally designated as well. The most common international conventions under which protected areas are designated are: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites: UNESCO seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB): The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), proposes an interdisciplinary research agenda and capacity building aim to improve the relationship of people with their environment globally. Since its launch in 1970 MAB has concentrated on the development of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). The biosphere reserve concept was developed initially in 1974 and was substantially revised in 1995 with the adoption by the UNESCO General Conference of the Statutory Framework and the Seville Strategy for Biosphere Reserves. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention): The Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty adopted on 2 February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. The Convention entered into force in 1975 and its mission, as adopted by the Parties in 1999 and refined in 2002, is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「World Database on Protected Areas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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